Physiology of intracellular calcium buffering
Authors Eisner D, Neher E, Taschenberger H, Smith G Journal Physiological Reviews Citation Physiol Rev. 2023 Jun 16. Abstract Calcium signalling underlies much of physiology. Almost all the Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is bound to buffers, with typically only about 1% being freely ionized at resting levels in most cells.